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Elephants in myths, art & pop culture

Elephants take been depicted in mythology, symbolism and popular culture. They are both revered in faith and respected for their prowess in war. They also have negative connotations such as being a symbol for an unnecessary burden. E'er since the Stone Age, when elephants were represented by ancient petroglyphs and cave art, they have been portrayed in various forms of art, including pictures, sculptures, music, flick, and fifty-fifty architecture.

Religion, mythology and philosophy [edit]

The Asian elephant appears in various religious traditions and mythologies. They are treated positively and are sometimes revered as deities, oft symbolising force and wisdom. Similarly, the African elephant is seen as the wise master who impartially settles disputes amid the forest creatures in African fables,[2] and the Ashanti tradition holds that they are homo chiefs from the by.[3]

The World is supported and guarded past mythical Globe Elephants at the compass points of the central directions, according to the Hindu cosmology of ancient Republic of india. The classical Sanskrit literature also attributes earthquakes to the shaking of their bodies when they tire. Wisdom is represented by the elephant in the form of the deity Ganesha, one of the almost pop gods in the Hindu religion's pantheon. The deity is very distinctive in having a human form with the head of an elephant which was put on after the human caput was either was cut off or burned, depending on the version of the story from various Hindu sources. Lord Ganesha'south birthday (rebirth) is historic as the Hindu festival known as Ganesha Chaturthi.[four] In Japanese Buddhism, their adaptation of Ganesha is known as Kangiten ("Deva of Bliss"), often represented as an elephant-headed male and female pair shown in a standing embrace to represent unity of opposites.[v]

In Hindu iconography, many devas are associated with a mount or vehicle known as a vāhana. In add-on to providing a means of transport, they symbolically represent a divine attribute. The elephant vāhana represents wisdom, divine knowledge and majestic power; information technology is associated with Lakshmi, Brihaspati, Shachi and Indra. Indra was said to ride on a flight white elephant named Airavata, who was made the King of all elephants by Lord Indra. A white elephant is rare and given special significance. Information technology is oft considered sacred and symbolises royalty in Thailand and Burma, where information technology is as well considered a symbol of good luck. In Buddhist iconography, the elephant is associated with Queen Māyā of Sakya, the mother of Gautama Buddha. She had a vivid dream foretelling her pregnancy in which a white elephant featured prominently.[6] To the imperial sages, the white elephant signifies regal majesty and authorization; they interpreted the dream as significant that her child was destined for greatness equally a universal monarch or a buddha.[seven]

Elephants remain an integral part of faith in South asia and some are fifty-fifty featured in various religious practices.[8] Temple elephants are peculiarly trained convict elephants that are lavishly caparisoned and used in various temple activities. Among the most famous of the temple elephants is Guruvayur Keshavan of Kerala, India. They are also used in festivals in Sri Lanka such as the Esala Perahera.

In the version of the Chinese zodiac used in Northern Thailand, the last year in the 12-year bicycle – called "Year of the Hog" in China – is known instead every bit "Twelvemonth of the Elephant", reflecting the importance of elephants in Thai civilization.

In Islamic tradition, the year 570 is when the Prophet Muhammad was born and is known as the Year of the Elephant.[ix] In that year, Abraha, ruler of Yemen tried to conquer Mecca and demolish the Kaaba, reportedly in retaliation for the previous Meccan defilement of Al–Qalis Church in Sana'a, a cathedral Abraha had synthetic.[10] Nonetheless, his plan was foiled when his white elephant named Mahmud refused to cross the purlieus of Mecca. The elephant, who led Abraha's forty thousand men, could not be persuaded with reason or even with violence, which was regarded as a crucial omen by Abraha'southward soldiers. This is generally related in the five verses of the chapter titled 'The Elephant'[b] in the Quran.[11]

In the Judeo-Christian tradition, medieval artists depicted the mutual killing of both Eleazar the Maccabee and a war elephant conveying an important Seleucid general every bit described in the counterfeit book of 1 Maccabees. The early illustrators knew little of the elephant and their portrayals are highly inaccurate.[12]

The unfamiliarity with the exotic beast has also made elephants a subject of widely different interpretations thus giving rise to mythological creatures. The story of the blind men and an elephant was written to show how reality may be viewed from differing perspectives. The source of this parable is unknown, but it appears to have originated in India. It has been attributed to Buddhists, Hindus, Jainists, and Sufis, and was as well used by Discordians. The scattered skulls of prehistoric dwarf elephants, on the islands of Crete and Sicily may have formed the ground of belief in existence of cyclopes,[c] the 1-eyed giants featured in Homer'due south Odyssey (c. 800~600 BC). As early as the 1370s, scholars had noted that the skulls feature a large nasal cavity at the front that could exist mistaken for a atypical middle socket;[thirteen] and the skulls, twice the size of a human'south, looked as if they could vest to behemothic humanoids.[13] [xiv] It is besides suggested that the Behemoth described in the Volume of Job may be the elephant due to its grazing habits and preference to rivers.[15]

In art [edit]

From Stone Age rock-art to Modern age street-art, the elephant has remained a popular bailiwick for artists.

Prehistoric [edit]

Prehistoric North Africans depicted the elephant in Paleolithic age rock art. For example, the Libyan Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, features a rock carving of an elephant from the final stage of the Pleistocene epoch (12,000–8000 BC)[sixteen] rendered with remarkable realism.[17] There are many other prehistoric examples, including Neolithic rock art of south Oran (Algeria), and a white elephant rock painting in 'Phillip'due south Cave' by the San in the Erongo region of Namibia.[xviii] From the Bovidian period[d] (3550–3070 BCE), elephant images by the San bushmen in the South African Cederberg Wilderness Area propose to researchers that they had "a symbolic clan with elephants" and "had a deep understanding of the communication, behaviour and social construction of elephant family units" and "possibly developed a symbiotic relationship with elephants that goes back thousands of years."[21]

Ancient [edit]

Indian rock reliefs include a number of depictions of elephants, notably the Descent of the Ganges at Mahabalipuram, a big 7th-century Hindu scene with many figures that uses the form of the rock to shape the image.[22] At Unakoti, Tripura there is an 11th-century group of reliefs related to Shiva, including several elephants.

Indian painting includes many elephants, especially ones ridden for boxing and regal transport in Mughal miniatures.

Modern [edit]

Elephants are oft featured in modernistic creative works, including those by artists such as Norman Rockwell,[23] Andy Warhol[24] and Banksy.[25] The stork-legged elephant, found in many of Salvador Dalí'southward works,[e] is 1 of the surrealist's all-time known icons, and adorn the walls of the Dalí Museum in Spain.[26] [27] [28] Dali used an elephant motif in various works such equally Dream Acquired by the Flying of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Enkindling, The Elephants and in The Temptation of Saint Anthony. The Elephant and Obelisk motif also plant its style to diverse works by this creative person.

Politics and secular social club [edit]

The elephant is also depicted by various political groups and in secular guild.

In Asia [edit]

Asian cultures adore the high intelligence and proficient retention of Asian elephants. As such, they symbolize wisdom[29] and royal ability. They are used as a representative of various political parties such equally United National Party of Sri Lanka and Bahujan Samaj Party of India. The Elephants of Kerala are an integral part of the daily life in Kerala, South India.[thirty] These Indian elephants are loved, revered, groomed and given a prestigious place in the land's culture.[31] There they are often referred to equally the 'sons of the sahya.' The elephant is the state brute of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala. The elephant is also on the flag of the Kingdom of Lao people's democratic republic with three elephants visible, supporting an umbrella (another symbol of royal power) until it became a republic in 1975. Other Southeast Asian realms accept besides displayed one or more white elephants.

The elephant also lends its name to some landmarks in Asia. Elephanta Isle (as well called "Gharapuri Island") in Mumbai Harbour was given this name by 17th century Portuguese explorers who saw a monolithic basalt sculpture of an elephant well-nigh the entrance to what became known equally the Elephanta Caves. The Portuguese attempted to take it home with them merely ended upwards dropping information technology into the bounding main considering their chains were non strong enough. Later, the British moved this elephant to the Victoria and Albert Museum (now Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum) in Mumbai.[32]

In Europe [edit]

Aside from being a curiosity for Europeans, the elephant also became a symbol of armed services might from the experience of fighting strange powers that fielded war elephants throughout history.[33] In 326 BC after Alexander the Not bad's victory over King Porus of India, the captured state of war elephants became a symbol of imperial power, being used as an emblem of the Seleucid Diadoch empire.

In virtually the twelvemonth 800 AD, an elephant called Abul-Abbas was brought from Baghdad to Charlemagne'due south residence in Aachen as a symbol of the beginning of the Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.

Cremona elephant 1229, after Matthew Paris from Chronica maiora Office II

In 1229, the so-called Cremona elephant was presented by Sultan of Egypt Al-Kamil to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, and the elephant was used past the Emperor in parades. The elephant is mentioned in the visit of Frederick'southward brother-in-police Richard of Cornwall to Cremona in 1241, in the Chronica Maiora of Matthew Paris. The presence of the creature is also recorded in 1237 in the Cremona city register.

Neckband of the Danish Order of the Elephant

In 1478, the Order of the Elephant (Danish: Elefantordenen) was founded past King Christian I. This very select religious organization is the highest order of Kingdom of denmark, and uses the elephant every bit a symbol of docility, sobriety and piety;[34] instituted in its current course in 1693 by King Christian Five.

In the early 1800s Napoleon Bonaparte wanted a monument to his ain imperial power, and he decreed that a colossal bronze elephant fountain exist cast from guns captured at his victorious 1807 Battle of Friedland. This was intended for the site where the Bastille once stood.[35]

1 of the elephants shot for its meat at Paris in December 1870.

In 1870, the killing and eating of the elephants Castor and Pollux from the Botanical gardens during the Siege of Paris received considerable attention at the time. This became allegorical of the hardships and degradation caused by siege and war, peculiarly since the two elephants were previously very popular with the Parisian public.

The urban center of Catania, Sicily has an immemorial connection with the elephant. The local sorcerer Heliodorus, was credited with either riding a magic elephant or transforming himself into this brute. Nether medieval Arab rule Catania was known as Medinat-ul-Fil or Balad-ul-Fil (Metropolis/State of the Elephant). The symbol of the city is the Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant) assembled in its present form in 1736 by Giovanni Battista Vaccarini.

In Central London, England, an surface area known as the "Elephant and Castle" (or "The Elephant") is centered on a major road intersection and a station of the London Underground. The "Castle" in the location's proper name refers to a medieval European perception of a howdah. The heraldic elephant and castle has likewise been associated with the city of Coventry, England since medieval times, where it denotes religious symbolism[f] and with the boondocks of Dumbarton, Scotland.[g] More than recently in Britain, Welephant, a red elephant cartoon character with a fireman'south helmet, was originally used as a mascot by fire brigades in the United Kingdom to promote burn safety for children and has become the mascot for the Children'southward Burn Trust.[37]

In America [edit]

The elephant every bit the symbol for the Republican Political party of the United States originated in an 1874 political cartoon of an Asian elephant by Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly. This cartoon, titled "Third Term Panic", is a parody of Aesop'south fable,[h] "The Ass in the Lion's Skin". It depicts an elephant (labelled The Republican Vote) running toward a chasm of chaos; frightening a jackass[i] in a lion'southward pare (labelled Caesarism) which scatters animals representing various interests. Although Nast used the elephant 7 more times to represent the "Republican Vote", he did not use information technology to represent the Republican Party until March 1884 in "The Sacred Elephant".[41]

In Africa [edit]

Many African cultures revere the African Elephant equally a symbol of strength and power.[42] [43] It is besides praised for its size, longevity, stamina, mental faculties, cooperative spirit, and loyalty.[44] South Africa, uses elephant tusks in their glaze of artillery to stand for wisdom, strength, moderation and eternity.[45] The elephant is symbolically important to the nation of Ivory coast (Côte d'Ivoire); the Glaze of arms of Ivory coast features an elephant head escutcheon every bit its focal point.

In the western African Kingdom of Dahomey (now function of Benin) the elephant was associated with the 19th century rulers of the Fon people, Guezo and his son Glele.[j] The brute is believed to evoke strength, royal legacy, and enduring retention every bit related by the proverbs: "There where the elephant passes in the forest, one knows" and "The animal steps on the ground, but the elephant steps down with strength."[46] Their flag depicted an elephant wearing a purple crown.

Popular culture [edit]

The elephant has entered into pop culture through various idiomatic expressions and adages.

The phrase "Elephants never forget" refers to the belief that elephants have excellent memories. The variation "Women and elephants never forget an injury" originates from the 1904 volume Reginald on Besetting Sins by British writer Saki.[47] [48]

This adage seems to accept a basis in fact, equally reported in Scientific American:

Remarkable think power, researchers believe, is a large part of how elephants survive. Dame elephants, in particular, concur a store of social knowledge that their families can scarcely do without, according to enquiry conducted on elephants at Amboseli National Park in Republic of kenya.[49]

"Seeing the Elephant" is a 19th-century Americanism denoting a globe-weary experience;[50] often used by soldiers, pioneers and adventurers to qualify new and exciting adventures such every bit the Ceremonious War, the Oregon Trail and the California Gold Rush.[50] [51] [52] A "white elephant" has get a term referring to an expensive burden, particularly when much has been invested with imitation expectations. The term 'white elephant auction' was sometimes used in Commonwealth of australia as a synonym for jumble sale. In the U.S., a White elephant gift substitution is a popular winter holiday party activity. The idiom Elephant in the room tells of an obvious truth that no one wants to hash out, alluding to the animal's size compared to a pocket-sized space. "Seeing pink elephants" refers to a drunken hallucination and is the basis for the Pinkish Elephants on Parade sequence in the 1941 Disney animated feature, Dumbo. "Jumbo" has entered the English as a synonym for "large".[k] Jumbo originally was the proper name of a huge elephant acquired by circus showman P. T. Barnum from the London Zoo in 1882. The name itself may take come from a Westward African[50] native word for "elephant".[53]

Literature [edit]

The elephant is viewed in both positive and negative lights in like fashion as humans in various forms of literature. In fact, Pliny the Elder praised the beast in his Naturalis Historia every bit one that is closest to a human being in sensibilities.[54] The elephant'southward different connotations clash in Ivo Andrić'south novella The Vizier'south Elephant. Here the citizens of Travnik despise the immature elephant who symbolises the cruelty of the unseen Vizier. However, the elephant itself is young and innocent despite unknowingly causing havoc due to youthful play.[55] In the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tantor is the generic term for "elephant" in the fictional simian Mangani language, but is associated with a item elephant who eventually becomes Tarzan's faithful companion. Other elephant characters that are shown in a positive low-cal include Jean de Brunhoff's Babar and Dr. Seuss' Horton. Jules Verne featured a steam-powered mechanical elephant in his 1880 novel The Steam House. In improver, the fauna is depicted in its war machine utilise through the oliphaunts of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy and the alien invaders of Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle'south 1985 scientific discipline fiction novel, Footfall.

Notable curt stories featuring elephants include Rudyard Kipling's "Toomai of the Elephants" and "The Elephant's Child"; besides as Marking Twain'south "The Stolen White Elephant". George Orwell wrote an allegorical essay, "Shooting an Elephant"; and in "Hills Like White Elephants", Ernest Hemingway used the emblematic white elephant, alluding to a pregnancy as an unwanted gift.[56]

The beast is also seen in historical novels. The Elephant'due south Journeying (Portuguese: A Viagem do Elefante, 2008) is a novel by Nobel laureate[57] José Saramago. This is a fictional account based on an historical 16th century journey from Lisbon to Vienna past an elephant named Solomon.[58] An Elephant for Aristotle is a 1958 historical novel by L. Sprague de Camp. It concerns the adventures of a Thessalian cavalry commander who has been tasked by Alexander the Smashing to bring an elephant captured from Rex Porus of Bharat, to Athens every bit a present for Alexander's former tutor, Aristotle.

Elephants can also represent the hugeness and wildness of the imagination, equally in Ursula Dubosarsky's 2012 children's volume, Likewise Many Elephants in This Business firm,[59] which also plays with the notion of the elephant in the room.[60] An imaginary elephant can (perhaps) become real, as with the elusive Heffalump. Although never specified equally an elephant in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories, a heffalump physically resembles an elephant; and E. H. Shepard's illustration shows an Indian elephant. "Heffalump" has since been defined as "a child'due south term for an elephant."[61]

Sports [edit]

The elephant is used as a mascot or logo for various sports groups.

Circus showman P. T. Barnum donated the stuffed hide of Jumbo the elephant to Tufts University in 1885, where Jumbo shortly became the mascot for their sports teams. Nonetheless, all that remains of Jumbo are some ashes stored in a peanut butter jar and a piece of his tail following a fire in 1975. "Jumbo'southward spirit lives on" in the peanut butter jar which is ceremoniously passed on to successive athletic directors.[62]

The mascot for the Oakland Athletics baseball team is based on the figurative white elephant. The story of picking the mascot began when New York Giants' managing director John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Benjamin Shibe, who endemic the decision-making interest in the new squad, had a "white elephant on his hands"; director Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team mascot.[m] The A's are sometimes, but infrequently, referred to every bit the 'Elephants' or 'White Elephants'. Their mascot is nicknamed Stomper.

University of Alabama's Crimson Tide mascot has been an elephant since 1930 afterward a sportswriter wrote of a fan yelling "Hold your horses, the elephants are coming!" as the football team rumbled onto the field.[63] Their elephant-costumed "Big Al" officially debuted at the 1979 Sugar Bowl.

Catania, Italian republic uses the elephant to represent their football team, referencing the animate being that has represented their city since aboriginal times.

The crest of Kerala Blasters FC, an Indian association football game club is designed effectually an elephant belongings football.[64] Elephants are the state animal of Kerala and take a main role in their civilization. They are considered as symbol of unity, power, and pride. The crest of the club symbolises the heritage, culture, spirit, and passion of Kerala, and its love for football.[65]

Music [edit]

The elephant is also represented in music such as Henry Mancini's hit song "Baby Elephant Walk", which has been described equally "musical autograph for kookiness of any stripe".[66] The American band the White Stripes' fourth album was entitled Elephant in honour of the animate being'southward brute strength and closeness to its relatives.[67] The hit single "Elephant" by British recording artist Alexandra Shush is based on the expression "elephant in the room".[68] "Nellie the Elephant" is a children's song first released in 1956 and since covered by many artists including the punk-rock band Toy Dolls;[69] For her album, Get out Your Sleep, Natalie Merchant set to music "The Blind Men and the Elephant" poem by John Godfrey Saxe, which is based on the parable.[70]

Picture and television [edit]

The elephant is besides featured in pic and on telly. Thailand has produced diverse movies about the animal, from the 1940 historical drama picture show King of the White Elephant to the 2005 martial-arts activity film, Tom-Yum-Goong.[n] In the West, the elephant was popularised past Dumbo, the elephant who learns to fly in the 1941 Disney animated feature of the same name. Kipling'south "Toomai of the Elephants" was adapted equally the 1937 British adventure motion picture Elephant Boy. In pop modern films, Tai the elephant-actress has portrayed Bo Tat in Operation Dumbo Driblet (1995), Vera in Larger than Life (1996), and Rosie in H2o for Elephants (2011). Elephants accept likewise been featured in the modernistic alive activity Disney movies Whispers: An Elephant'due south Tale (2000) and the 2019 remake of Dumbo.

On television receiver, Nellie the Elephant is a 1990 Uk cartoon series inspired by the 1956 song of the same name, featuring Scottish singer Lulu voicing Nelly. Britt Allcroft adapted "Mumfie" the elephant from Katherine Tozer'south series of children's books,[o] originally in a '70s televised puppet show and then in the '90s animated Magic Adventures of Mumfie series.

The 2016 action-comedy film The Brothers Grimsby gained notoriety for its rough and graphic elephant scene.[72]

Games [edit]

Alfil represented as elephant tusks[73]

The elephant tin also exist found in games. In shatranj, the medieval game from which chess developed, the piece corresponding to the modernistic bishop was known as Pil or Alfil ("Elephant"; from Persian and Arabic,[p] respectively).[74] In the Indian chaturanga game the piece is also called "Elephant" (Gaja). The same is true in Chinese chess,[q] which has an elephant piece ("Xiàng", 象) that serves as a defensive piece, being the only i that may not cross the river dividing the game lath. In the Japanese shogi version, the piece was known as the "Drunken Elephant"; nonetheless, it was dropped by lodge of the Emperor Go-Nara and no longer appears in the version played in contemporary Nippon. Even with modernistic Chess, the give-and-take for the bishop is all the same Alfil in Spanish, Alfiere in Italian, Experience in Persian, and "Elephant" (Слон) in Russian. All of these games originally fake a kind of battlefield, thus this slice represented a war elephant. In the present-twenty-four hour period canonical Staunton chess ready, the slice's deep groove, which originally represented the elephant's tusks, is now regarded as representing a bishop'southward mitre.[76]

Architecture [edit]

In the 18th-century, French builder Charles Ribart planned to build a iii-level elephant edifice at the Paris site where the Arc de Triomphe was eventually congenital. Nothing became of this, but in the early 19th-century, Napoleon conceived of an even larger elephant structure, the Elephant of the Bastille. Although the aggressive project was never completed with its intended statuary elephant, a full-sized plaster and forest-frame model stood in its place. After Napoleon's defeat, this construction somewhen became a neglected eyesore, and a setting in Victor Hugo'due south 1862 novel, Les Misérables.

Three multi-story elephant shaped buildings were built in America by James V. Lafferty in the 1880s. The largest, seven-story, 30-one room Elephantine Colossus served as a hotel, concert hall, and attraction on Coney Island before it burned downward in 1896. The six-story Lucy the Elephant is the simply remaining of the three, and survives as a tourist allure near Atlantic City. These giant elephant structures, still, are dwarfed by the 32-story Bangkok Elephant Belfry in Thailand. This iconic elephant-inspired edifice reflects the influence of the elephant in Thai culture.[77]

Gallery [edit]

  • A regal white elephant in 19th century Thai art

  • Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant); Catania's symbol

  • Dernier projet pour la fontaine de l'Éléphant de la Bastille (1809–1810), Watercolor past Jean-Antoine Alavoine

  • 1354 illustration depicting Panchatantra legend: Rabbit fools Elephant past showing the reflection of the moon

Run into likewise [edit]

  • Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin, Lord of the White Elephant of Aung Pinle, a Great Nat of Burma.
  • Bholu (mascot), iconic mascot for Indian Railways
  • Elephants in ancient Prc
  • Elephants in Kerala culture
  • Elephants in Thailand
  • Elephant riddle
  • Elephant examination
  • Elephant clock
  • Elephant Parade, sculpture showroom
  • Execution past elephant
  • Elephants and mice sub-department of Fearfulness of mice article
  • Faithful Elephants, story of the elephants in Tokyo's Ueno Zoo during Globe War II
  • Gaja, elephants in ancient Hindu mythology
  • Hastin, elephants in Vedic texts.
  • Jumbo, 1935 musical and 1962 Moving picture
  • Temple elephant
  • The Sultan's Elephant, traveling show featuring a huge mechanical elephant
  • State of war elephant
  • List of fictional elephants
  • Listing of historical elephants
  • National Elephant Day (Thailand)
  • Category: Metaphors referring to elephants

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Ganesha Getting Set to Throw His Lotus :  "In the Mudgalapurāṇa (VII, 70), in order to kill the demon of egotism (Mamāsura) who had attacked him, Gaṇeśa Vighnarāja throws his lotus at him. Unable to bear the fragrance of the divine flower, the demon surrenders to Gaṇeśa."
  2. ^ Sura 105: Al-Fil (Arabic: سورة الفيل — English: The Elephant)
  3. ^ The plural of cyclops is cyclopes ("sigh-KLO-peez")[13]
  4. ^ During the African pastoral 'Bovidian period', at that place were many depictions of Bovid herds, suggesting the development of animal domestication[nineteen] During this flow humans began to domesticate animals, and transition to a seminomadic lifestyle every bit farmers and herders.[twenty]
  5. ^ For example, see:Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Effectually a Pomegranate a 2d Before Awakening and The Elephants
  6. ^ "The elephant is seen, non merely equally a animate being so potent that he can carry a belfry – Coventry's castle – full of armed men, merely also every bit a symbol of Christ's redemption of the human race."[36]
  7. ^ cf: Dumbarton Civic Glaze of Arms and Dumbarton Football Club crest
  8. ^ Although the caption quotes the legend, Nast attributes it to —Shakespear or Bacon
  9. ^ Reverse to popular conventionalities, Nast did not originate the donkey (a derogatory reference to Andrew "Jackass" [Jackson]) as the symbol of the Democratic Political party[39] [40]
  10. ^ Guezo and Glele ruled from 1818 to 1858 and from 1858 to 1889, respectively
  11. ^ As a production size, by 1886 (cigars); Jumbo jet attested by 1964.[53]
  12. ^ Kongo: Nzamba [53]
  13. ^ Over the years, the A's elephant mascot has appeared in various colours other than white, and was briefly replaced past a mule
  14. ^ US title: The Protector, Great britain title: Warrior King
  15. ^ The first book Mumfie Marches On, published during Earth War II (1942) was suggested by the British government; which culminates in the capture of Adolf Hitler past Mumfie and allies[71]
  16. ^ From Farsi پيل pīl; al- is the Arabic for "the"
  17. ^ Xiangqi (Chinese: 象棋 , pXiàngqí), sometimes translated as "the elephant game".[75]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Plate 39 (23), A guide to the principal gold and silver coins of the ancients, from circ. B.C. 700 to A.D. i (1889); British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals : "AR. Demetrius"
  2. ^ "Animal Ways". Nature'south Means: Lore, Legend, Fact and Fiction. Newton Abbot: F+W Media. 2006. ISBN9780715333938 . Retrieved 6 Dec 2012.
  3. ^ "Festivals : Ganesh Chaturthi". Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved viii February 2013.
  4. ^ Sanford, James H. (1991). "Literary Aspects of Nihon's Dual-Gaņeśa Cult". In Brown, Robert L. (ed.). Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 289. ISBN978-0791406564.
  5. ^ "Life of Buddha (function 1) : Queen Maha Maya'south Dream". BuddhaNet. Buddha Dharma Education Association.
  6. ^ ed, Kevin Trainor, general (2004). Buddhism : the illustrated guide. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN978-0195173987.
  7. ^ Clarke, Jacqueline L. Schneider ; foreword by Ronald V. (2012). Sold Into Extinction: The Global Merchandise in Endangered Species. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 104. ISBN978-0313359392.
  8. ^ Watt, West. Montgomery (1977). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman ([Repr] ed.). London: Oxford University Printing. p. 7. ISBN978-0198810780.
  9. ^ Hajjah Adil, Amina, "Prophet Muhammad", ISCA, i Jun 2002, ISBN 1-930409-11-vii
  10. ^ Mir, Mustansir (2005). "Elephants, Birds of Prey, and Heaps of Pebbles: Farāhī's Interpretation of Sūrat al-Fīl". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 7 (one): 33–47. doi:ten.3366/jqs.2005.7.ane.33. JSTOR 25728163.
  11. ^ "Medieval Bestiary : Elephant". Medieval Bestiary. Retrieved 12 Dec 2012.
  12. ^ a b c "Greek Giants". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Cyclops". Greek and Roman Mythology. Boston: MobileReference.com. 2007. ISBN9781605010915.
  14. ^ Slifkin, Natan (2007). "Behold the Behemoth". Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash. Brooklyn, Due north.Y.: Zoo Torah. p. 183. ISBN978-1933143187.
  15. ^ "Stone-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus". UNESCO Earth Heritage Eye. Retrieved xi December 2012.
  16. ^ "Were Cavemen Amend at Drawing Animals Than Modern Artists?". Science Daily. v December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012. Source: reprinted from materials provided by Public Library of Scientific discipline.
  17. ^ "Phillip'south Cave". Info Namibia. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  18. ^ etc, Thurstan Shaw, ed. (1995). "Stone art and pastoralism". The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns (New ed.). London: Routledge. p. 235. ISBN978-0415115858.
  19. ^ "Shaped Stone of the Sahara". Artsy. Footstep Primitive. Retrieved viii April 2019.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Scigliano, Eric (2002). Honey, War, and Circuses: The Age-Erstwhile Relationship Between Elephants and Humans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0618015832.
  • Binney, Ruth (2006). Nature's Ways: Lore, Legend, Fact and Fiction. Newton Abbot: F+W Media. ISBN978-0715333938.
  • Ed Cray and Marilyn Eisenberg Herzog (Jan 1967). "The Absurd Elephant: A Contempo Riddle Fad". Western Folklore. 26 (1): 27–36. doi:ten.2307/1498485. JSTOR 1498485. —the evolution of the Elephant Riddle that entered U.S. folklore in California in 1963
  • Druce, George C. "The Elephant in Medieval Legend and Art". Journal of the Royal Archaeological Institute. (Vol. 76) London, 1919
  • Robbins, Louise E. (2002). Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth Century Paris ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Baltimore [u.a.]: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN978-0801867538.
  • Bedini, Silvio A. (1998). The Pope's Elephant (1. US ed.). Nashville: Sanders. ISBN978-1879941410.
  • Pichayapat Naisupap "The Allegorical Elephant: Elephants, the Dutch East Bharat Company, and Eurasian Affairs in the Seventeenth Century". Primary Thesis, Colonial and Global History, Leiden University, 2020.
  • ed, Fowler Museum of Cultural History. Doran H. Ross (1992). Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Culture . Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN978-0930741266.
  • Mayor, Adrienne (2000). "Chapter 2. Earthquakes and Elephants: Prehistoric Remains in Mediterranean Lands". The First Fossil Hunters Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times (New in Paper ; with a new introduction by the author). Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 54–103. ISBN978-1400838448. Express preview on Google Books
  • African Folktale as told by Humphrey Harman. "Thunder, Elephant, and Dorobo" (PDF). greatbooks.org. Great Books Foundation.

External links [edit]

  • "Elephants in Culture". Infoqis Publishing, Co. Archived from the original on nineteen June 2012. — Elephant-Earth.com
  • "Elephant". Myths, legends, beliefs and traditional stories from Africa. A-Gallery. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.
  • "Elephants on Parade – Medieval and Earlier Manuscripts". British Library. The British Library Board. — Depictions from illuminated manuscripts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants

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